While in Cairo, Mansa Musa met with the Sultan of Egypt, and his caravan spent and gave away so much gold that the overall value of gold decreased in Egypt for the next 12 years. Watch the map animation on From Nothing:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOexUoPc6YUBe sure to subscribe to From Nothing for more African History:https://www.. U UsefulCharts 0 followers More information Mansa Musa Family Tree Rich Man [102] The text of Ibn Khaldun says "Gao, at this time is devastated". [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374/1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b. Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary. World History Encyclopedia. What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire. [93] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. [93] Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area, and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III's death in 1400. He brought a large entourage with him which impressed people everywhere they went. Mans third spouse tells court he was a despot, Woman describes treatment in Aguanga torture trial, Social worker: Children in torture case appeared happy, healthy, Calif. torture trial airs family horror stories, Polygamist who tortured his family is sentenced to 7 life terms, Aguanga man to serve seven life sentences, Emerging from a notorious hell of abuse to counsel others, Laura Cowan, Mansa Musa Muhummed: Sex, Torture, Beatings In Muslim Cult, Former Polygamy Wife Speaks Out On Justice By Any Means. [43] In 1324, while in Cairo, Musa said that he had conquered 24 cities and their surrounding districts.[44]. Around 1550, Mali attacked Bighu in an effort to regain access to its gold. The 14th-century traveller Ibn Baah noted that it took about four months to travel from the northern borders of the Mali empire to Niani in the south. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. Arab writers from the time said that he travelled with an entourage of tens of thousands of people and dozens of camels, each carrying 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of gold. Mansa Musa (1280-1337) Mansa Musa, fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the ruler of the kingdom of Mali from 1312 C.E. The three states warred with each other as much, if not more, than they did against outsiders, but rivalries generally stopped when faced with invasion. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand[3] or Manden; Arabic: , romanized:Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. Mansa Mari Djata Keita II became seriously ill in 1372,[93] and power moved into the hands of his ministers until his death in 1374. Musa conquered more than 20 major cities in his lifetime. Contemporary sources claim 60 copper bars traded for 100 dinars of gold. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. Much of the history is oral, given by professional "historians". Like two mansolu (rulers of Mali) before him, Ms I undertook the hajj as an act of devotion in line with Islamic tradition. [91] Historians such as Hadrien Collet have argued that Musa's wealth is impossible to accurately calculate. However, his riches are only one part of his legacy, and he is also remembered for his Islamic faith, promotion of scholarship, and patronage of culture in Mali. It is known from the Tarikh al-Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century. [9] Upon Leo Africanus's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. by UsefulCharts. Consequently, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on 14th century world maps. [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. [13][12] In the Manding languages, the modern descendants of the language spoken at the core of the Mali Empire, Manden or Manding is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire. [70][141] With the help of the river clans, this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice. https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. Trade was a significant factor to the rise and success of Mali. [g] Faga Leye was the son of Abu Bakr, a brother of Sunjata, the first mansa of the Mali Empire. This website claims no authorship of this content; we are republishing it for educational purposes. [40] Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus both call the capital "Mali. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000sqmi) of land throughout Western Africa.[103][9]. You cannot download interactives. The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. Islamic studies flourished thereafter. The Story Of Mansa Musa, The Real 'Black Panther' - VIBE.com Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. The mansa also made a successful hajj, kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt and built an earthen platform at Kangaba called the Camanbolon where he held court with provincial governors and deposited the holy books he brought back from Hedjaz. Jansen, Jan: "The Younger Brother and the Stranger. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. As soon as Sassouma's son Dankaran Touman took the throne, he and his mother forced the increasingly popular Sundjata into exile along with his mother and two sisters. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. Heusch, Luc de: "The Symbolic Mechanisms of Sacred Kingship: Rediscovering Frazer". [88], Mansa Musa is renowned for his wealth and generosity. That same year, Mahmud II sent another envoy to the Portuguese proposing alliance against the Fula. [79] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. The post of a farba was very prestigious, and his descendants could inherit it with the mansa's approval. [86] Qu was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean. The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. [70] However, once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. He describes it as being north of Mali but under its domination implying some sort of vassalage for the Antasar, Yantar'ras, Medussa and Lemtuna Berber tribes. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. The Mali Empire expanded through conquest or annexation. His administration and military work allowed the empire to survive through the 16th century, solidifying him, his empire, and his family into the imaginations of storytellers around the world. Under Mansa Ms, Timbuktu grew to be a very important commercial city having caravan connections with Egypt and with all other important trade centres in North Africa. [47], According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. 24 June, 2022. He had first-hand information from several sources, and from a second-hand source, he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa. The current King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, is the 25th son of King Abdulaziz and has continued to maintain the . [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. By the 6th century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. Mansa Musa brought the architect back to Mali to beautify some of the cities. [135] Gold nuggets were the exclusive property of the mansa and were illegal to trade within his borders. His riches came from the mining of significant gold and salt deposits in the Mali Empire, along with the slave and ivory trade.[6][7]. Mansa Musa - Wikipedia [93] Mansa Souleyman's generals successfully fought off the military incursions, and the senior wife Kassi behind the plot was imprisoned. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. Musa I (c. 1280 - 1337), better known as Mansa Musa, was the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire.Widely considered to have been the wealthiest person in known history (some sources measuring his wealth at around $400 billion adjusted to inflation), his vast wealth was used to attract scholars, merchants and architects to Mali, establishing it as a beacon of Islamic trade, culture and learning. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign. Mahmud Keita, possibly a grandchild or great-grandchild of Mansa Gao Keita, was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita III in 1390. Mama Maghan, mansa of Kangaba, campaigned against the Bamana in 1667 and laid siege to SegouKoro for a reported three years. Mansa Mahmud Keita II came to the throne in 1481 during Mali's downward spiral. While spears and bows were the mainstay of the infantry, swords and lances of local or foreign manufacture were the choice weapons of the cavalry. [43] Djibril Tamsir Niane, a Guinean historian, has been a forceful advocate of this position in recent decades. In the event of conquest, farins took control of the area until a suitable native ruler could be found. Mali's domain also extended into the desert. During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and Mansa Musa was among the richest individuals in the world. After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured, it was allowed to select its own dyamani-tigui. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team Editing: Jack Rackam Intro animation: Syawish Rehman Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. 6. The Songhai kingdom measured several hundreds of miles across, so that the conquest meant the acquisition of a vast territory. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. Upon stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata's throne, each of the twelve kings relinquished their kingdom to the Keita dynasty. After the reigns of two more emperors, Musa Keita became mansa in c. 1312. Very little is known about the life of Mansa Musa before 1312. . He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan. Who would native Malians have considered their greatest ruler? Afterward, he put himself and his kingdom, West Africa's Mali, on the map, literally. [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. [49] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning "dais", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. A dknsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ("guardian of the horse") and under the command of a farimba ("great brave man"). These farbas would rule their old kingdoms in the name of the mansa with most of the authority they held prior to joining the empire. Al-Qalqashandi quotes al-'Umari as spelling it. [28] The Tarikh al-fattash claims that Musa accidentally killed Kanku at some point prior to his hajj. His skillful administration left his empire well-off at the time of his death, but eventually, the empire fell apart. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. In the interregnum following Sunjata's death, the jomba or court slaves may have held power. Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. The kingdom of Mali reached its greatest extent around the same time, a bustling, wealthy kingdom thanks to Mansa Musas expansion and administration.Mansa Musa died in 1337 and was succeeded by his sons. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. By the time they reached Suez, many of the Malian pilgrims had died of cold, starvation, or bandit raids, and they had lost many of their supplies. Mansa Ms left a realm notable for its extent and richeshe built the Great Mosque at Timbuktubut he is best remembered in the Middle East and Europe for the splendour of his pilgrimage to Mecca (1324). The voyage is often incorrectly attributed to a Mansa Abu Bakr II, but no such mansa ever reigned. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. Using the reign lengths reported by Ibn Khaldun to calculate back from the death of Mansa Suleyman in 1360, Musa would have died in 1332. Ibn Khaldun claims Musa reigned for 25 years, so his accession is dated to 25 years before his death. Kangaba, the de facto capital of Manden since the time of the last emperor, became the capital of the northern sphere. [81] He was replaced by Abu Bakr, a son of Sunjata's daughter. Its first meeting, at the famous Kouroukan Fouga (Division of the World), had 29 clan delegates presided over by a belen-tigui (master of ceremony). Constant civil war between leaders led to a weakened state. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. [145] Another common weapon of Mandekalu warriors was the poison javelin used in skirmishes. Several of the names are spelled in a variety of ways in different manuscripts. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. During this period, trade routes shifted southward to the savanna, stimulating the growth of states such as Bono state. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. Side by side with the encouragement of trade and commerce, learning and the arts received royal patronage. [85] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (12981308) and was killed in Tajura on his way back to Mali. In 1307, Mansa Musa came to the throne after a series of civil wars and ruled for thirty years. Longman, 1995. [36][37][38], According to the Tarikh al-Fattash, Musa had a wife named Inari Konte. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." At Taghaza, for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda, copper. In oral tradition and the Timbuktu Chronicles, Musa is known as Kanku Musa. UsefulCharts, . The city's water supply was a leading cause to its successes in trade. [15] Leo Africanus said that the capital city was called Melli. He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending. The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa By Patricia McKissack, Fredrick McKissack Page 60, "The richest person who ever lived had unimaginable wealth. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. Mansa Ms probably died in 1332. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. [98], The wealth of the Mali Empire did not come from direct control of gold-producing regions, but rather trade and tribute. The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkrumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[70] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[77] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon. "[65], It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities of Timbuktu and Gao on his way to Mecca, and made them a part of his empire when he returned around 1325. Scholars who were mainly interested in history, Qurnic theology, and law were to make the mosque of Sankore in Timbuktu a teaching centre and to lay the foundations of the University of Sankore. From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. If the mansa didn't believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. He ruled the nation for nearly 25 years until his death in 1337 and is . Many houses were built by hand and during the hot weather some houses would melt so they had to be very secure, The dating of the original Great Mosque's construction is obscure (the current structure, built under French Colonial Rule, dates from 1907). According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century, one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 810 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it realised 2030 ducats and sometimes even 40. [24] The empire's total area included nearly all the land between the Sahara Desert and coastal forests. It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber. [10], Mali, Mand, Manden, and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects. All rights reserved. [130] Farbas were picked by the mansa from the conquering farin or family members. The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. [102], The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali's authority in 1375. Inside the world's wealthiest", "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) | National Geographic Society", "The 25 richest people who ever lived inflation adjusted", "Civilization VI the Official Site | News | Civilization VI: Gathering Storm Mansa Musa Leads Mali", International Journal of African Historical Studies, "Searching for History in The Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli", "chos d'Arabie. [22], Genealogy of the mansas of the Mali Empire up to Magha II (d.c.1389), based on Levtzion's interpretation of Ibn Khaldun. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. [114] However, the Songhai do not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely . A kl-koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ("brave man") during campaign. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Mansa Musa's reign itself was 25 years long. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. He belonged to the Keita Dynasty and came to power after Abu-Bakra-Keita II left on an expedition to explore the Atlantic Ocean, leaving Musa as his deputy and never returned. [60] The anglicised version of this name, Sunjata, is also popular. They are descendants of. [108], Despite their power in the west, Mali was losing the battle for supremacy in the north and northeast. Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. Available from http://incompetech.com. "[42], Early European writers such as Maurice Delafosse believed that Niani, a city on what is now the border between Guinea and Mali, was the capital for most of the empire's history, and this notion has taken hold in the popular imagination. [62] According to one account given by Ibn Khaldun, Musa's general Saghmanja conquered Gao. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. On the return from Takedda to Morocco, his caravan transported 600 female servants, suggesting that indentured servitude was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire.[134]. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. To his parents' dread, the prince did not have a promising start. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare. [54] Despite this initial awkwardness, the two rulers got along well, and exchanged gifts. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068,[53][54] the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[55] and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi. [78] Nehemia Levtzion regarded 1337 as the most likely date,[72] which has been accepted by other scholars. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. [12] However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of Mali and Mand.[19]. [34][35] Nonetheless, the possibility of such a voyage has been taken seriously by several historians. In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. [70], The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and/or developed a capable military. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. [26] Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. [80] Ibn Khaldun regarded Wali as one of Mali's greatest rulers. [citation needed] The northern region on the other hand had no shortage of salt. [60] She was a hunchback from the land of Do, south of Mali. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c. 1214 - c. 1255) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). [137], Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali. Sundiata's mother was Maghan Kon Fatta's second wife, Sogolon Kdjou. But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa's brother, Souleyman Keita in 1341. The Mali Empire consisted of land that is now part of Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, The Gambia, and the modern state of Mali. Emperors and Empresses from Around the (Non-Roman) World Quiz, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Musa-I-of-Mali, World History Encyclopedia - Mansa Musa I, Musa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. The other major source of information comes from Mandinka oral tradition, as recorded by storytellers known as griots.[5]. Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son, Maghan Keita I, in 1337. Ms I of Mali, Ms also spelled Musa or Mousa, also called Kankan Ms or Mansa Musa, (died 1332/37? Mansa Musa Keita's crowning achievement was his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, which started in 1324 and concluded with his return in 1326. Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who was founder . [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies. [136] While it was as good as gold in the north, it was even better in the south. Musa went on hajj to Mecca in 1324, traveling with an enormous entourage and a vast supply of gold. [131] Mansa Musa placed a heavy tax on all objects that went through Timbuktu. Mansa Musa - Originalpeople.org Mansa Musa: The Financial Recklessness of the Richest Man in History The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The organization and smooth administration of a purely African empire, the founding of the University of Sankore, the expansion of trade in Timbuktu, the architectural innovations in Gao, Timbuktu, and Niani and, indeed, throughout the whole of Mali and in the subsequent Songhai empire are all testimony to Mansa Mss superior administrative gifts. During the height of Sundiata's power, the land of Manden (the area populated by the Mandinka people) became one of its provinces. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). In approximately 1140 the Sosso kingdom of Kaniaga, a former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers. Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. Kankan Musa, better known as Mansa Musa probably took power in approximately 1312, although an earlier date is possible. What did Ms I do when he returned to Mali? The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs. One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) - National Geographic Society In his lifetime and beyond, he was known for his extravagant wealth and spending, funded by his kingdom's vast salt and gold mines. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Musa was a very successful military leader. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession.
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