In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. He did this for one-half hour. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? New York: Harper & Row. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Social Researcher. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. 0000012870 00000 n Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). The S worked at this task for another half hour. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. J. abnorm. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. endobj hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. His data, however did not support this idea. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. <> asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. 48 0 obj Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. 60 0 obj One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. Sherry H. Priester All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. Please select the correct language below. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). endstream endobj startxref Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Introducing Cram Folders! In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. 0000001035 00000 n Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. trailer /ImageC c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. /L 680077 Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. $K{.-hC ;{l8S correct. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. 2. 3. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. 1. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. >> Let us review these briefly: 1. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. ---------------------References: When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? This is an example of_______ cause. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. 1 According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Patrick has a strong_____. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. . John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. /O 49 The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on.
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