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However, that is not so in a federal government system. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. 1954 Lagos Constitutional Conference In Nigeria (Decisions) - Kofa Study Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. << Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. 7 Reasons for Federalism in Nigeria: Why Nigeria Adopted Federal System Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The states were later increased to 30 states. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. local government autonomy.docx - CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. PDF Department Of Economics University Of Ilorin | freewebmasterhelp 74 . /BitsPerComponent 8 Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? /Type /XObject Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Required fields are marked *. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 4 0 obj Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. /Width 371 Adobe d C and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Historical experience 3.2 2. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. 2. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. stream %PDF-1.5 The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria | Publius: The Journal of The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Best information base for latest information both national and international. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Fiscal federalism, sub-national revolts and internal colonialism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria : The past , Current Peril and Future Hopes Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. You are welcome dear reader. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. /Length 14727 With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. (PDF) Politics Of Federalism in Nigeria: Preparing Human Capital for 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to ICT and Its Impact on National Development In Nigeria: An Overview /F7 24 0 R Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Your email address will not be published. What are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. stream Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. Promoting an awareness of federalism - University of the Philippines This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. (Pdf) Fiscal Federalism and Local Government Financial Autonomy in % At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Problems of Nigerian Federalism | Nigerian Federalism This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. welcome, and thanks for reading us. 6 0 obj In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. We appreciate you. Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism - Course Hero This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. endobj What is federalism? +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Download Defensive Federalism [PDF] Format for Free - Clemson Parade According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Does Federalism Make Sense For The Philippines? - Forbes Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. True Federalism and Restructuring in Nigeria: Challenges and the - SSRN The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria International Relations - PRAHAAR | PDF | Joint Comprehensive Plan Of /Filter /DCTDecode Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country.