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Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone p-Lakka p-Upper Cross River Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). p-Nubian p-Cushitic * "Revising the Consonant Inventory of Proto-Eastern Cushitic," Studies in African Linguistics 22, 3 (1991): 211-275. ; possible n. derivation < v. in #1004). [29] Eight other Chadic languages have around 100,000 speakers; other Chadic languages often have few speakers and may be endangered of going extinct. The reconstruction of Proto-Afroasiatic is problematic and . There is no general consensus over the location of the Urheimat, the original homeland from which began the migrations into the present locations of the speakers. [121] This structure is particularly visible in the verbs,[153] and is particularly noticeable in the triliteral Semitic verb. [98] AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing and . in East Africa. innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. [45] Omotic is typically split into North Omotic (or Aroid) and South Omotic, with the latter more influenced by the Nilotic languages; it is unclear whether the Dizoid group of Omotic languages belongs to the Northern or Southern group. While this is not the first attempt to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic are genetically related, it is the first to use the radical revision of the Proto-Indo-European consonantal system proposed by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Paul J. Hopper, [87], Afroasiatic languages share a number of phonetic and phonological features. Momo 2.11. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System - De Gruyter [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. [121], As part of these templates, the alternation (apophony) between high vowels (e.g. There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded, the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach, or Afroasiatic is a typological, not a genetic group of languages. "[81] The African languages of Afroasiatic are not more closely related to each other than they are to Semitic, as one would expect if only Semitic had remained in an Asian AA homeland while all other branches had spread from there. Vol.1. [16] Several issues with the label "Hamito-Semitic" have led to its decline in use by later scholars. [121] In contemporary Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, tone is primarily a grammatical feature: it encodes various grammatical functions, only differentiating lexical roots in a few cases. innovation: derivation of v. 'to sleep' by addition of *n non-fin. [70] On the one hand, the classification of languages as "Hamitic" relied on linguistic features, such as the presence of male and female grammatical gender; thus Meinhof even split the Chadic family into "Hamito-Chadic" and unrelated non-Hamitic Chadic based on which languages possessed gender. Category:Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wiktionary The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. alternative feminine endings *-ay/*-y; corresponding vowel templates for verbal conjugations) which can be reconstructed for a higher-order proto-language (provisionally called "Proto-Berbero-Semitic" by Kossmann & Suchard (2018) and Van Putten (2018)). [181] Other commonalities are masculine and feminine forms used in both the second and third persons, except in Cushitic and Omotic. [10][11], Friedrich Mller introduced the name "Hamito-Semitic" to describe the family in his Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, published in 1876. Natioro Kim [32] It may have as many as 80 to 100 million first and second language speakers. [30] For most branches, the first person pronouns contain a nasal consonant (n, m), whereas the third person displays a sibilant consonant (s, sh). [92], With the exception of some Chadic languages, all AA languages allow both closed and open syllables; many Chadic languages do not allow a syllable to end in a consonant. Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. [179] However, there is no consensus on what the reconstructed set of Afroasiatic pronouns might have looked like. p-Gbe (Fongbe) Afro-Asiatic is a large language family with great diversity. p-Cangin [117] In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis). 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. [183], Another factor making comparisons of AA numeral systems difficult is the possibility of borrowing. The reconstructed consonants for Proto-Afro-Asiatic are p and b, t and d, and k and g. The Egyptian bw meaning place and the Semitic bi meaning in or from are believed to be from the reconstructed root *b- meaning foot or place (ELL, p.51). [12] Each component of this term was derived from the name of a Biblical son of Noah as detailed in the Book of Genesis: Semitic from his first-born son Shem, and Hamitic from his second son Ham (Genesis 5:32). p-Ukaan [54] The "Hamitic theory" would serve as the basis for Carl Meinhof's highly influential classification of African languages in his book Die Sprache der Hamiten (1912). proto afro asiatic wiktionary [197], There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995. In the series University of California Publications in Linguistics 126. In current scholarship, the most common names used for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. [182], Unlike in the Indo-European or Austronesian language families, numerals in AA languages cannot be traced to a proto-system. ; PS, Eg., Ch. The Proto-Afrasian Phonological System Unlike the comparative-historical study of the Indo-European languagefamily, which has a long history, the comparative-historical study of the Afrasian language familyis still not far advanced, though enormous progress has been made in recent years. London: Routledge, 1990. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. In An Encyclopedia of Language, Omotic is listed as a sub-set of Cushitic, and Andrew Dalby writes the Egyptian division as "Egyptian-Coptic," even though Coptic is considered to be a sub-set of Egyptian. North Germanic includes Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. ; *u < *i /#-p_C-#? It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques of the historical-comparative method. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. Bariba The "s-causative" may be reflected in Hausa (as -r), however this may be a language internal development. Afro-Asiatic languages | Britannica The name Hamitic originates from Ham, one of the sons of Noah. Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim p-Central Chadic The Sumerian and Etruscan languages, usually regarded as language isolates, are thought by some to be Nostratic languages as well. The HmongMien languages also known as MiaoYao and rarely as Yangtzean1 are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast sing. Under East Semitic rose Akkadian and Babylonian. [128] In most branches, gender is an inherent property of nouns. Fifteen are glossed as names of plants or loose categories of plants. *-kep-to cease, no longer function: 327. innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. innovation: narrowing of meaning to tr. In Arabic, ti-ktib means she writes and katab-it means she wrote. Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. p-Akokoid [104] Several Omotic languages have "sibilant harmony", meaning that all sibilants (s, sh, z, ts, etc.) (abbrev. [5] It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africaand parts of the Sahel. London, Bloomsbury, 1998. Forms that do not follow the pattern are in parentheses. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. [66], Meinhof's version of the "Hamitic theory" remained prevalent until the 1940s, when it was definitively disproved by Joseph Greenberg. [77], Conjugation of verbs using prefixes that mark person, number, and gender can be found [133][150] It forms agent nouns, place nouns, and instrument nouns. [6] Pr. ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. [3] The phylum has six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic. Fig. [138][177] Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases. WCh WOT Free delivery worldwide on all books from Book Depository Jalaa Table of Contents: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) Beboid infix [also tonal shift as found in Chadic cases]), (this root is included because #871 following derives from it), (sing. p-Central Khoisan The Origins of Afroasiatic | Science [11] Because the term "Afroasiatic" could be taken to mean that the family includes all the languages of Africa and Asia, the term "Afrasian" is sometimes used instead; this name was proposed by Igor Diakonoff (1980) and is mostly used by Russian scholars. p-Tuu ), to become thoroughly wet, pour heavily (intr. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. [27] The first longer written examples of modern Berber varieties only date from the 16th or 17th centuries CE. What did proto-afroasiatic people look like? - Quora In Cushitic and Semitic, nouns exist in the "free state" or the "construct state". Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Page 13 > *itsan-; Omotic innovation: stem + *m n. If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 [6], Scholars generally consider Afroasiatic to have at least five and as many as eight separate branches, with the five universally agreed upon branches consisting of the Berber (also called "Libyco-Berber"), Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. *t: . suff. Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. [31] Hausa is the largest Chadic language by native speakers, and is spoken by a large number of people as a lingua franca in Northern Nigeria. 6), (Eg., Sem., Cush. [145] Edward Lipiski refers to Semitic nouns as having four states: absolute (free/indeterminate), construct, determinate, and predicate. Semitic speakers moved into the Fertile Crescent and "emerg[ed] into history" by bringing Akkadian (a Semitic language) into what is now Iraq, a previously Sumerian-speaking area (Dalby ,p6). There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e. [192] Thus, it is possible that the numerals in Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic are more closely related, whereas the Cushitic and Chadic numerals are more closely related to each other. in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. p-Grassfields [186] Within the Semitic language family, Lipiski counts four different roots meaning "one". The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. reflex), (root #723 + *x extend. [54] These five or six branches remain the academic consensus on the family. p-Gurunsi [72] Earlier, the first scholar to question to existence of "Hamitic languages" was Marcel Cohen (1924),[9] while skepticism was also expressed by A. Klingenheben and Dietrich Westermann (1920s and '30s). Lenguaje proto-afroasitico - gaz.wiki The Berber and Semitic branches share certain grammatical features (e.g. [122] In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case. Online Library The Oxford Introduction To Proto Indo European And The Laal Whether this proto-language is ancestral to Berber and Semitic only, or also to other branches of Afroasiatic, still remains to be established. innovation: narrowing of application of v. to angry calling out), (Sem., Cush, innovation: > n. 'covering' > 'rind, bark'), (root #447+ * iter. Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. [103][53] In some branches, it can also derive abstract nouns and participles. Voegelin, C.F. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) - Google Books [98] Additionally, the glottal stop () usually exists as a phoneme, and there tends to be no phonemic contrast between [p] and [f] or [b] and [v]. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago (12 to 18 kya ), that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz), to be finished, come to an end, be used up, (Sem., Cush. A set of constraints, developed originally by Joseph Greenberg on the basis of Arabic, has been claimed to be typical for Afroasiatic languages. [121] For Egyptian, evidence for the root-and-template structure exists from Coptic. [15] Mller assumed that there existed a distinct "Hamitic" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic. [6][7], with the latter two having fallen out of favor in English but still seeing frequent usage in other languages, such as German. suff. [150] Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-. The speakers of Boreafrasian migrated north to an arid Sahara climate, then eventually pushed on west and east. Archive Sandawe rather than the subject and object. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary / Christopher Ehret Get this Comments (0) Librarian's View Copyright Status Online In the Library Order a copy Request this item to view in the Library's reading rooms using your library card. The construct state is used when a noun becomes unstressed as the first element of a compound, whereas the pronominal state is used when the noun has a suffixed possessive pronoun. The Afroasiatic Languages and the Green Sahara, 10,000 Years Ago - Substack p-Fali [71] In the end, Meinhof's classification included languages from every family in Africa that is recognized by modern linguistics. p-Edoid 1 Afro-Asiatic Language Family. PDF C. Ehret, S. O. Y. Keita, and Paul Newman. "The Origins of Afroasiatic Linguistic guesstimates or phylogenetic speculation date the proto-language (and thus the homeland) within a wide range, from 15,000 to 6,000 years ago. 3 The Phonemes of English - A. Cohen 1971-07-31 I gladly take this opportunity to convey my heartfelt thanks to those who have guided me on my way as an For example, the Hamitic component inaccurately suggests the existence of a monophyletic "Hamitic" branch alongside Semitic. ), (root #695 + *f iter.? Oko Berta US$62.00 (softcover). [79], An African origin has broad scholarly support,[75] and is favored by most linguists on the basis of the linguistic data. [103], A form of long-distance consonant assimilation known as consonant harmony is attested in Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic: it usually affects features such as pharyngealization, palatalization, and labialization. [166], The so-called "Nisba" is a suffix used to derive adjectives from nouns and, in Egyptian, also from prepositions. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. Afroasiatic - Languagesgulper.com p-Benue-Congo [7] Nevertheless, both dictionaries agree on some items and some proposed cognates are uncontroversial. [193][194], Afroasiatic languages share a vocabulary of Proto-Afroasiatic origin to varying extents. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel.