In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. . C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. (1998). Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. Fundamental Attribution Error - Simply Psychology Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). 6 facts about Americans and marijuana | Pew Research Center The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. According to Gallup's polling . This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. Frontiers | Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to, The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as, Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. c. cognitive dissonance. d. physical attractiveness. d. oxytocin. This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. b. Ch. 12 Key Terms - Psychology 2e | OpenStax Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. b. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. ch 9 quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. June 7, 2022 1 Views. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Chapter 13 Flashcards An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. With this preferential perspective for ones own group, people are not punishing the other one so much as neglecting it in favor of their own. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Free Group Study Rooms with Timer & Music | Fiveable The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. swissworld: paysages, Pregntale a otro(a) estudiante qu pide en un restaurante en las siguientes situaciones. What term best describes Elena's behavior? The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . 6. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. Rumination: Problem Solving Gone Wrong | Psychology Today A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. 3. c. frontal lobes (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. (tn dn si) n., pl. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Make a truth table for the below given statement. ethnocentric. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. . Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Other Quizlet sets. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. The tendency to favor one's own . Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice | Principles of Social Psychology d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . "Oh, no, never," the woman said. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. 2022. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: Sons are more valued than daughters. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. Own Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. . We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. b. deindividuation. Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. self-worth. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. d. deindividuation. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. d. sensory cortex. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. hide 31 types. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? Psychology questions and answers. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? The tendency to see the beliefs values and customs of - Course Hero _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. They prescribe "proper" behavior. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. social class, family, football team etc.) . The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. d. the fundamental attribution error. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). chapter_12 - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The tendency to Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. Unit 23. b. less; more What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb?